Importance of Matrifocal family in the caribbean Essay Example for Free

Importance of Matrifocal family in the caribbean EssayThe Matrifocal family Is very prominent in the Caribbean. This is noted more as among people of Africans in the regions. Reasons for this diversity, Cultural Retention, Plantation system of slavery, SOCIO economic and the culture of property. Cultural retention, Melville Herkevitts was one of the first researchers to trace the African Origin of the slaves who came to the Americans he believed that despite attempts to strip Africans slaves ot their cultural heritage the practice ot polygyny was retained from the practice. affected by bonding and closeness of mother and child because the economise/ father was somewhat marginal.This pattern remained in the Caribbean society especially about lower class people of African descent. Plantation system, there is the belief that the effort of the Matrifocal family can be seen as a consequence of the plantation system of slavery, M. C. Smith wrote that under plantation slavery stables families were not given a ascertain to develop unions of whatever sort, were often broken up as slaves were sold. The unit of mother and child was less likely to be torn apart than a unit of man, woman and child, males were denied family rights which resulted in a system of female centeredness therefore became marginalise.Women now lead their families. It is a well-organized social group which represents a positive adaptauon to the mint of poverty. By not tying herself down to a husband. the mother is able to maintain causal relationships with a number of men who can provide her with pecuniary support. The above Information shows that the Matrlfocal family can be regarded as a form of family structure in its own right. It is therefore Important because it shows that a woman doesnt bespeak a man to take care of her and her family, she If fully cable of performing both tasks all by herself. so Matrltocal family Is very Important.

Ford Motor Company Essay Example for Free

crossway Motor Company EssayFord Motor Company is the third largest simple machine manufacturer in the world ground on automobiles sold. Ford manufactures and distributes automobiles in 200 markets across six continents (Datamonitor 4). Fords brandmarks include Ford, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, Volvo, Land Rover, Aston Martin, and Mazda. Fords key products include passenger cars, trucks, busses and vans, sport utility fomites, vehicle accessories, after-sales vehicle split and products and extended rep personal line of credit service products. According to Fortune Magazine in 2007 Ford was the seventh ranked American-based familiarity listed on the fortune five hundred list, which was based on Fords global revenues in 2006 of 160. 1 billion. The companys success comes from its ability to focus on customer satisfaction and dedication, anticipating and meeting changing customer needs, and delivering blueprintal products that exceed quality standards and atomic number 18 p rice friendly and also environmentally friendly.The financial stability of Ford and the long-term stability of our world be met by Fords strategy to lead with its products. Several key strategies are used by Ford that help to develop products that are of high quality, affordable to consumers and that are in high demand. These strategies include continuous improvement of quality standards and customer satisfaction, adjusting to consumer demands by growth state-of-the-art technology that is cleaner and more than(prenominal) fuel efficient, and delivering customer-focused innovations faster. If these strategies are utilise correctly Ford can overcome many or the driving forces that control competition in the automobile perseverance.Driving ForcesDriving forces in an industry are the major causes that mixture the industry and the competitive condition of that industry. The main driving forces that significantly shift the automobile industry include competition and globalization, fresh technology and innovations, changes in cost and efficiency, regulatory influences and government activity policy changes, and changes in societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles.Globalization is when automobile manufacturers offer their products internationally. One reason manufacturers do this is to ontogenesis sales in faster growing markets. Also production cost can be cut due to unkepter labor costs in markets around the world. Ford Motor Company is a strong believer in globalization it manufactures vehicles in six continents across the world. Ford focuses on threesome primary types of emerging markets. The first market is developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil.The economies of these markets are growing and so is the need for products like automobiles. Ford realizes the amount of coin consumers make in these developing countries and adjusts products to make them accessible to these consumers. In 2006, production capa city in China increased to 200, 000 units (For a More Sustainable revolt 7.) Also in 2006 Ford ranked second for customer satisfaction in India by J.D. Power Asia Pacific.The second emerging market Ford is centre on is revitalizing economies such as Russia that are experiencing periods of growth after long periods of economic stagnation.The third emerging market Ford focuses on is high-growth break market across the U.S. and Europe. Ford has developed and will continue to develop hybrid vehicles, advanced clean technology, and smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles that suit customers in a plastered(p) region or customers with different driving conditions.New technology and innovations is also a major driving force in the automobile industry. The on-going change in technology alters the pattern of competition by attracting more buyers. Innovations in production techniques al showtime manufacturers to produce products faster, more efficiently and cleaner. Ford focuses its innovation on design, technology, caou tchouc, and the environment. Fords innovations are based on customer demands. Today more customers want environmentally friendly automobiles and better fuel-efficient cars.Ford has and is also developing more advanced technologies that are environmentally friendly. Examples include biofueled vehicles, hydrogen internal-combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cellvehicles. Ford also has an modernistic manufacturing process, which is cleaner for the environment and also saves coin for the company. Ford uses fluids blended from vegetable oil during engine production rather than using mineral oil. The associated waste in engine building is the close to environmentally damaging part of the process. Ford also has improved its efficiency by enforcing strict energy intensive operations, such as the generation of compressed air for handheld tools on the production line.Changes in cost and efficiency also drive change in the automobile industry. In the past few long time material costs, labor costs, employee benefit costs and oil prices call for all been increasing. One way that Ford is combating high oil prices is its use of a soy-derived foam. The modal(a) vehicle made today contains 30 pounds of foam made from petroleum products. Ford is making an effort to re confide 40% of the petroleum-based foam with a soy-based foam. To promote against decreasing cabbage, rising labor costs and employee benefit costs Ford has been implementing elements of its Way Forward Plan. This plan was developed in 2006. The plan calls for reducing the digit of Fords North American manufacturing employees by 25,000-30,000 and also plans to idle 16 North American manufacturing facilities (For a More Sustainable Future 34.)Also in 2006 wellness care expenses for U.S. Ford employees, retirees and their dependents were $3.1 billion (For a More Sustainable Future 35.) Even though Ford values its past and present employees, the company cannot defend up with the rising prices of health care . In 2006 Ford had required retired employees to support a higher portion of their health care benefits, and active employees were asked to increase their health care contributions. Also in 2006 Ford employees were offered to leave the company. To make it appealing to employees Ford offered eight different incentive packages. A couple of these packages included betimes retirement and an cultureal prospect package where employees with at least one year of service were eligible for up to $15,000 in tuition reimbursement per year up to four years (For a More Sustainable Future 34.)Another driving force that alters the competitiveness in the automobile industry is regulatory influences and government policy changes. One example of a regulatory influence would be the governments Corporate Average FuelEconomy (CAF) requirement, which measures carbon dioxide emissions. Ford has met the requirement either year since the plan was first introduced.Altering societal concerns, attitude, an d lifestyles are major instigators of industry change. Growing consumer concerns towards environmental safety is a major driver of change in the automobile industry. Ford recognizes that manufacturing and operating automobiles take hold a significant impact on the environment. Ford has several initiatives to protect the environment.The first initiative includes developing advanced environmentally friendly vehicles. Ford was the first U.S. auto manufacturer to offer a full hybrid vehicle, which was also the first hybrid from any automaker in the SUV segment. The second initiative for Ford is to meet and exceed new clean air standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency. Reducing the environmental impact of our environment is Fords third initiative to protect the environment.Ford also aims to recycle and reuse materials by contracting with suppliers to attain environmental friendly parts and components. An example is Fords Fumes-to-Fuel technology. A plants painting o perations are its largest source of air emissions. Ford has developed a process that uses paint fumes to generate electrical energy for its plant.The last initiative for Ford is conserving natural resources by taking part in global environmental programs to conserver energy and water. Fords developed a software program called WET that creates a facility-wide water balance to quantify individual uses of water and identify areas of opportunity. Safety is some other concern that drives changes in automobile designs. Not whole does Ford develop innovative safety technology the company also educates drivers. In 2003 Ford teamed up with the Highway Safety Association and a dialog box of safety experts to create a program called Driving Skills for Life. This program teaches teenagers develop the skills necessary for safe driving, beyond what they learn in standard driver education programs (For a More Sustainable Future 30.)Five Force AnalysisIntensity of Rivalry Among CompetitorsThe aut omobile industry is one of the most competitive industries in the world. The top competitors globally and domestically account for most of the industrys market share. In the United States thither are three top competitors known as the Detroit Three, in one case known as the Big Three. General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., and the Chrysler Group are the three companies that makeup the Detroit Three. According to Wards Automotive Reports in 2006 the Detroit Three brands accounted for 41.5% of passenger car sales in the United States of this 41.5% market share, General Motors controlled 20.8%, Ford 14.1% and the Chrysler Group 6.6%. The Detroit Three market share is s paltryly dwindling due to globalization, which is another reason that leads to stronger rivalry among competitors (Autos Auto split Industry Survey 9.)In the United States, according to Wards Automotive Reports, the top three foreign competitors that are nerve-wracking to take over the U.S. market include Toyota Motor Corp., Honda Motor Co. Ltd., and the Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. In 2006 Toyota, Honda, and Nissan accounted for 36.6% market share in the U.S. Individually Toyota controlled 18.7%, Honda 10.8% and Nissan 7.1% of the U.S. market share in the truck category the Detroit Three brands account for 67% of Truck Sales in the U.S. Toyota, Honda, and Nissan are the foreign companies trying to compete with the Detroit Three (Autos Auto Parts Industry Survey 9.) Lack of product differentiation is another factor that adds to the intense rivalry between competitors. Automobile manufactures products include cars, trucks and SUVs.Even though there is a lack of product differentiation within the automobile industry there are many things that a manufacturer can do to alter design and production that make a product standout from its competitors. The innovation of technology and production causes intense rivalry between competitors because if automakers want to sell make the most profit they need to devel op innovative technology that is a step ahead of its competitors and meets the needs of consumers or they need to develop innovative production techniques that are moreefficient and cheaper compared to its competitors. Ford is known for its innovation throughout the years one example would be the moving assembly line. This manufacturing technique allowed individual workers to propitiate stationary and perform the same task repeatedly on multiple vehicles that passed them, this technique allowed Ford to be more efficient by producing many more vehicles than its competitors.Threat of New EntrantsAlthough the automobile industry has in truth strong rivalries among competitors the industry will not see many new entrants in the future. There are several reasons why there is a low bane of new entrants in the automobile industry. The automobile industry has reached economies of scale and to be successful in the industry new entrants must reach economies of scale. Manufacturers must mass- produce automobiles so that they are affordable to consumers. Another reason why there are very few new entrants in the automobile industry is the very high capital requirement. Manufacturing costs, research and development costs, start-up costs, and advertising and promotion costs are a few costs that require huge amounts of costs in order to be successful in the automobile industry.With rising oil prices, increase in employee benefit costs, higher healthcare costs and also rising steel prices the threat of new entrants will remain to stay very low in the automobile industry. The current situation of the Automobile industry and the U.S economy is another factor that will keep the threat of new entrants low. Rising gas prices, low consumer confidence and shrinking home values are all factors that are causing settles in automobile sales. Strong brand preferences and high degrees of customer loyalty is another reason there are few new entrants in the automobile industry. It is hard f or a new manufacturer to attract customers that have brand preferences and are loyal customers, unless the manufacturer has a huge advertising and sales promotion budget or offer price discounts, these two things decrease profit margin.Threat of Substitute ProductsThe threat of substitute products is very weak in the automobile industry. Automobile transportation for people makes it easy and fast to get from office staff to place depending on the length of their trip. Walking, biking, and riding trains, planes or subways are all substitutes to automobiles. These substitutes depend on the location of the person. People that live and work in the city will probably either walk, bike, or take a subway to work in order to avoid traffic or to protect the environment. The threat of these substitutes will always be low because it is convenient to have a car and new innovations toward environmentally friendly automobiles.Bargaining Power of Suppliers and BuyersIn the automobile industry the bargaining cause of the supplier is weak. There are so many part manufactures in the industry to choose from it is easy for a company to switch from one to another giving supplier no leverage. The automobile part sector is so big that it is divided into four business units trustworthy equipment manufacturers, replacement parts manufacturing, replacement parts distribution, and rubber fabricating. According to a press release by Ford, the company spends around $90 billion on parts from more than 2,500 suppliers. Compare to the bargaining power of suppliers the bargaining power of buyers is a lot higher.Automobile manufacturers make profit from the sales of its automobiles. This means that manufactures have to produce automobiles that meet consumer needs and standout from its competitors. This is why consumers have such a high bargaining power because if they do not like a certain automobile they can choose another automobile from a different manufacturer at a relatively low switch ing cost. Analyzing the bargaining power of supplier and buyers, identifying the threat of new entrants and substitute products, and also analyzing the intensity of rivalry among competitors will allow a company to assess the competitiveness of a certain industry.SWOT AnalysisFord is the worlds third largest automobile manufacturer, and their brands are sold domestically and internationally, which include Ford, Land Rover,Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury, and Volvo. In 2006 Ford received 30th place in the BusinessWeek-Interbrand ranking of the top 100 global brands in 2006. Another one of Fords biggest strengths is its industry leading innovative technology which is shown through product design, safety and production. Fords large network base is a strength to the company. Ford manufactures and distributes automobiles in 200 markets across six continents. Ford is also a very honorable company. For years, Ford has supported families in need. Ford encourages its employees to take two workdays p er year to volunteer at an approved nonprofit organization.Although Ford is very successful it does have weaknesses. One weakness would be the decline in its market share. According to DataMonitor, Fords overall market share in the US has declined from 21.1 % in 2002 to 17.1% in 2006. Competition, globalization, low consumer confidence, and high gas prices are all factors that contribute to Fords declining market share. Another weakness of Fords is its declining profitability. At the end of 2006 Ford recorded revenues of $160,123,000 one million million million which was a 9.5 % decrease from 2005. The operating loss of the company during 2006 was $16,950,000 million compared to a operating loss of $1,550,000 million in 2005. This means Ford had a net loss of $12,613,000 million in 2006, compared to a net profit of $1,440,000 million in 2005 (Datamonitor 4.)The automobile industry is full of opportunities. High gas prices and environmental issues have caused manufacturers to develo p innovative technology. Ford is developing several technologies that are environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient. These vehicles include biofueled vehicles, hydrogen internal-combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Global demand is also an opportunity for Ford. Ford has developed strategies to bring its product to emerging markets like India, China and Brazil. The economies of these markets are continuing to grow along with its demand for automobiles.A major threat to Ford is its competition, which includes General Motors, the Chrysler group, Toyota, and Honda. Rising costs are also a major threat to Ford. Rising labor and employee benefit costs have constrained Ford to reduce itsworkforce and to close some of its vehicle assembly plants. The U.S. economy is also a threat to Ford. Consumer confidence is down due to rising oil prices and declining home values. The future of Ford and the automobile industry will continue to be worse in the near future if these threats continue.With rising costs and increased competition the U.S automobile industry does not look good. Industry sales are expected to decline in the future due to low consumer confidence, rising interest rates, and high gas prices. SUV and truck sales will decline the most due to the rising gas prices. There will be a higher demand for smaller cars that are fuel-efficient. The Detroit Three along with other U.S. manufacturers will increasingly focus its operations internationally to markets in Eastern-Europe, Latin America and the Asia-Pacific where production costs are cheaper. Environmental friendly technology and manufacturing will also continue to rise because of the growing consumer interest in defend our world.Works CitedAutos Auto Parts Industry Survey. Standard Poors June 2007 2818 April. 2008. For a More Sustainable Future. Ford Motor Company June 2007. 19 April. 2008Ford Motor Company. Datamonitor Business Information Center Nov 2007.Campbell University Electronic Librar y., Buies Creek, NC. 18 April. 2008Ford Motor Company. 2008. Ford Motor Company. 18 April 2008Ford.com/.Gamble, John E., Strickland, A.J. III and Thompson, Arthur A. Jr. Crafting and put to death Strategy. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2007.The North America Automotive Sectors. Mergent Oct 2007. Campbell UniversityElectronic Library., Buies Creek, NC. 18 April. 2008

Interventions Against Burnout in Mental Health Nursing

Interventions Against Burnout in mental Health soak upargon pedagogicsal interventions trenchant in reducing the relative incidence of burnout among moral wellness nurses?A critical check into of the literatureAbstractBackground in that location is much shew to link burnout with rational wellness nursing, but throttle empirical evidence that examines the affect of studyal interventions on the incidence of burnout in mental health nurses. push hind end The aim of this literature review was to critically evaluate the literature relating to educational interventions associated with burnout in mental health nursing apply discriminating and comparative abstractMethod The search st browsegy involved the use of several electronic infobases, and a library search to access relevant journals. Search terms and cellular inclusion/ exclusion criteria be identified. Evaluative criteria (Price 2003) were applied to a critical analysis of the literature.Findings There is limit ed empirical look for in this area some of it is prognosticative rather than evaluative.Conclusions Despite the paucity of information, there are some strong arguments for the use of educational interventions to reduce the incidence of burnout in mental health nurses. There are hints for further question to be carried out in this area.BackgroundBurnout is defined as a pronounce of stimulated exhaustion, accompanied by a sense of low self- worth (Peveler et al 2000), lack of motivation and a physical as well as frantic, sense of ill- health (Malach-Pines 2005). It tends to involve an insidious process of cumulative dialect (Morrisette 2002a). Burnout is most often associated with human- service ( part) professions (Ekstedt and Fagerberg 2005) and frequently, it is those who curb a high level of commitment to their work, who are most at chance (van Dierendonck D et al 2005).There is much evidence within the literature that links mental health nursing with burnout ( Barling 2 001 Coffey 1999 Duquette et al 1994 Ed covers et al 2000 Fagin et al 1995 Happell et al 2003 Harper and Minghella 1997 Kipping 2000 Prosser et al 1999a Onyett 1997 Wykes et al 1997). Although burnout is associated with different types of nursing (Nolan and Smojkis 2003) mental health nurses in particular, are reported to be at high risk (Nolan et al 1999 Thomsen et al 1999a). Suggested reasons for this high level of vulnerability to stress and burnout are that the profession attracts slew who nourish a predisposition to mental health difficulties themselves (Guppy and Gutteridge 1991) and that working(a) with people with severe mental illness is so stressful that a degree of transference tush occur among the patient and health captain (particularly if the latter(prenominal) is inexperienced) (McLeod 1997). The stressors associated with mental health nursing are further compounded if certain factors are present, much(prenominal) as low self- esteem conflicting demands of home - life, inadequate grapple mechanisms (Thomsen et al 1999b) and a lack of job cheer, which is especially associated with hospital, rather than comm building blocky nurses (Prosser et al 1999b).Many artificial lakes propose that burnout is preventable (Burnard P 1999 Figley C 2002 Jones 2003 Morrisette 2002b Taormina and Law 2000). It is meaning(a) therefore, to raise awareness of prevention st commitgies. It is possible that these could be incorporated into educational political platforms and it is suggested that failure to do so can result in informally intimate negative behaviours leading to maladaptive manage strategies (Thompson 2003).AimThe aim of this literature review is to critically evaluate the literature relating to educational interventions associated with burnout in mental health nursing using selective and comparative analysis.MethodThe search strategy involved the use of the Athens Access Management System in raise to access such entropybases as The British Nursing Index, CINAHL, the Cochrane library, Evidence- based medicine (EBM) reviews, Embase psychiatry, internurse.com, Medline, Ovid, PsycINFO, Pubmed, ScienceDirect and TRIP database. The University library was as well as used in order to conduct a hand search of such relevant journals as The ledger of Psychiatric and kind Health Nursing The International Journal of Mental Health Nursing Mental Health Nursing Journal of Psycho affectionate Nursing and Mental Health Services, Journal of Advanced Nursing International Journal of Nursing Studies Nurse police detective and Nursing Research.The search terms and keywords used were burnout and stress in combination with mental health nursing mental health nurses nurses education nurse education tuition (as it was found that this word was used quite a lot within the literature) and prevention. The search process highlighted the search terms that were most effective in accessing the relevant information using trial and error separate wise referred to as a process of screening (Fink 2005a)The inclusion criteria were papers dating back to 1990, the rationale being that a lot of work on burnout was conducted during the 1990s some of it in apprisal to mental health nursing, which is still being cited by published authors search articles addressing the concepts of stress and burnout as they relate to mental health nursing research articles linking burnout with nursing, prevention and education as there is limited specific information on educational interventions to prevent burnout in mental health nursing, therefore some transferable principles were applied. For the same reason (shortage of specific information) research articles from other countries were not excluded. Both quantitative and soft studies were included.Exclusion criteria were any papers published before 1990 any articles not written in the face language any articles not specifically addressing stress and burnout and articles about stress and burnou t that are not related to nursing.Evaluative criteria adapted from the framework developed by Price (2003) were broadly applied to a critical analysis of the literature. These criteria are Do the papers address my question? Is the content accessible and comprehensible? Are the research results valid, reliable and authentic? Are there any gaps within the literature and Are there any competing perspectives/ contradictions within the literature? These criteria were supplemented by selective reference to sampling techniques used, strengths and weaknesses of the research designs, methods of data collection and analysis, ethical aspects and presentation issues (Fink 2005b).FindingsA recurring theme that emerged from the literature in simile to burnout within the helping professions is the concept of emotional labour, and that education and pedagogy can help to make people more than aware of this phenomenon and to develop strategies to manage it. horny labour is a form of dissonance wh en the practitioner feels under pressure not to display the emotions which are engendered by the nature of their work (Brotheridge and Grandey 2002). There are two levels of emotional labour surface or deep acting (Ashkanasy et al 2006). Surface acting is when the practitioner adopts a behaviour that belies their true emotions whereas deep acting is when they fence to feel the emotion that is expected of them.Mann and Cowburn (2005) conducted a subscribe to that aimed to increase understanding about the links between components of emotional labour and stress in mental health nursing. 35 mental health nurses completed questionnaires which yielded information relating to 122 nurse- patient interactions. Three different published research instruments were integrated into the questionnaire the Emotional Labour Scale, the Emotional Labour Inventory (both of which related more directly to nurse- patient interactions) and the Daily underscore inventory which addressed more general areas of stress. The use of tried- and- tested research instruments helps to ensure validity and reliability of the findings. Published research tools have often been refined several times, with the need to have excellent reliability and validity (Giles 2002). The data was analysed by using Pearsons correlations and multiple regression techniques. The researchers conclude that emotional labour is positively correlated with both the stress that arises from interactions with patients, as well as other sources of stress that the impact of emotional labour is dependent upon the intensity of the interaction and the range of emotions experienced throughout the interaction, and that surface acting is a more pregnant predictor of emotional labour than deep acting. Only one psychiatric unit was involved in the study with a relatively low reaction rate of 29% low retort rank can introduce bias and uncertainty into a study (Smeeth 2002). What constitutes a satisfactory response rate varies acco rding to the nature of the research, however a 60% response rate might be considered to be good, and a 50% response rate to be adequate (Sim and Wright 2000) although galore(postnominal) researchers accept that any response rate over 40% can yield meaningful results. The authors acknowledge that generalisability of the results is limited. Interestingly it was the non- cooperation of the unit in general that adversely affected the response rate because of a lack of flexibility regarding access to respondents which influenced the methodology, in that it was not possible to obtain qualitative data relating to the lived experiences of mental health nurses in relation to emotional labour which might have been more meaningful, and an unwillingness to allow the researchers to follow- up non- responders. There is an implication here for nurses to become more research aware and for healthcare organisations to bear on and support research- mindedness.The discussion and conclusion are intere sting and relevant to the link between education and burnout in relation to mental health nursing. While acknowledging the limitations of the study, the authors do however stress that the findings have authorised implications for nurse education in that skills dressing for performing emotional work should be given a higher priority that an increased focus be placed on facilitating self- awareness skills to enable mental health nurses to become more introspective about their feelings, so that they can develop effective techniques for dealing with them. However this study does not have the s come to be able to empirically demonstrate that educational interventions are effective in preventing burnout.The value of developing new educational strategies in relation to addressing emotional labour (in addition to other issues) for student mental health nurses was more clearly demonstrated by Turner et al (2004). The get of the study was to evaluate a pilot client attachment scheme for st udent mental health nurses. The rationale for client attachment is that it enables students to form therapeutic relationships with singular clients. This type of educational experience differs from the more traditional route of progressing through different placements. The methodology involved the use of semi- structured interviews to gain the perspectives of students (12), their supervisors (22) and clients (2). Although this is a grim sample, the design was qualitative and a depth of meaningful information was obtainable, particularly from the students and the supervisors. The data was organised using thematic analysis, although this was not possible with the client data as there were exactly two clients and although they gave very positive feedback, the amount of information was very limited. Service user involvement in mental health research is a relatively new and developing concept (Telford and Faulkner 2004). This study is relevant to the discussion because it highlighted that different educational approaches can more effectively promote meditative skills among mental health nurses, which in turn can provide a tool for dealing with emotional labour. The researchers literature review revealed that many mental health student nurses report sources of stress as including not feeling part of a team, and dealing with distressing incidents involving clients. These factors lead to emotional containment, causing reduced motivation and increased stress. The client attachment scheme goes some way to addressing these issues by providing more continuity and increased supervision for mental health student nurses. Although the scope and generalisability of this study is limited, it flags up important indicators for changes to be made to the student nurse curriculum that will provide students with the skills to recognise and deal with, emotional labour, which should impact upon more effective stress management and prevention of burnout.Another study which concludes that changes should be made to the mental health student nurse curriculum in relation to stress management was conducted by Kilfedder et al (2001). They contend that previous studies on burnout in nursing contain several methodological inadequacies, and so set out to design a more theoretical study. The study sample was gaunt from nurses employed in a Scottish matter Health Service (NHS) Trust which provided both acute and continuing care mental health services in both hospital and community settings. 510 nurses returned questionnaires (a response rate of 48.8%). A total of 12 published cakes were used, together with one purpose- designed measure which related to non- occupational stressors. The others related to such aspects as social support, occupational stress, burnout and coping strategies. As previously highlighted, the use of published measures can enhance reliability and validity. A range of statistical tests were used to analyse the data. noble levels of emotional exha ustion, depersonalisation and burnout were reported and low levels of personal accomplishment. The researchers concluded that not only should a core part of the nursing curriculum be give to stress management and coping skills, but also that management training should incorporate leadership skills that facilitate stress management and that all nurses should be provided with training that equips them to develop coping mechanisms. Education is very much seen by the researchers as an essential part of a comprehensive approach to prevention, which should be emphasised more than the current tendency towards picking up the pieces after the event. This study is quite complex which tends to affect its accessibility, however its findings have important implications for stress management in mental health nurses.Sharkey and Sharples (2003) evaluated a schooling pack on risk management, developed for use with clinical mental health teams with emphasis on the impact the pack had on team member s stress. The learning pack was made up of six sections, each one corresponding with a facilitator- led workshop. Participants were expected to throng out some reading and learning activities between workshops. Interestingly the authors identify two aspects of risk management that are dominance stressors the potential risks of the job such as dealing with violence and having to get to grips with the concept of risk management as a relatively new concept, and the systems involved. The researchers adopted a quasi- data-based approach, using pre and chain mail measures, taken eight weeks before and after the learning intervention, in order to be able to measure any change in relation to work- related stress among the participants, as a result of side by side(p) the educational programme. The researchers highlighted difficulties with not being able to conduct a controlled experiment which might have affected the outcome, as it was not possible to be certain that any change was attri butable to the educational intervention, as opposed to other factors. Sampling was self- selective which might also have affected the findings, as having volunteered the participants indicated a level of motivation which could have impacted on the effectiveness of the learning programme. The sample (42) was drawn from two mental health locality teams, which included mental health nurses. The pre and post measures used were the Occupational Stress Indicator and the Healthcare- related Work draw Scale. Again, these are tried and tested published instruments, the use of which should collapse to the validity and reliability of the findings. These yield quantitative data which was analysed using descriptive statistics, the paired t -test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Once again, it might have been of value to combine qualitative with quantitative measures, in order to gain an understanding of the participants experience of stress qualitative methods allow researchers to overcome t he assumptions inherent in fixed- choice questionnaires, although these also have their value for example, in relation to information about prevalence (Cummings and Galambos 2004). whole 42 participants completed the pre measures( although only 32 started the programme and 27 completed it) together with the post measures. It would have been interesting to identify why almost half(a) of the original sample did not complete the programme whether workload and/ or stress issues contributed to this level of attrition. However it was suggested that quite intensive time commitment was mandatory to complete the programme which might have been an inhibitory factor and there could be implications for redesigning the programme so that it can be accessed more flexibly by participants. Responses were not broken down into professional groups- this also might have yielded some important differences. In relation to the Occupational Stress Indicator, comparing pre and post scores indicated that th ere was a general decrease in many sources of stress. Interestingly lower means at post measures were observed for the job pleasure subscale which indicated reduced satisfaction. The researchers suggest that this could be due to increased knowledge and expectations as a result of the learning intervention whether this development could be a source of stress in itself is not speculated upon even though different studies have reported a relationship between stress and reduced job satisfaction (Koslowsky 1998). Scores for the Healthcare- related work pressure scale all show a lowering of item means at post measure. Overall the researchers concluded that the learning intervention brought about positive changes in relation to the work- related stress of the participants in some cases the impact was significant. It is suggested that the ways in which educational interventions can bring about change is by enabling participants to gain knowledge and skills within the safe environment of th e classroom. A positive outcome of this study is that the learning pack has been modified, following feedback from the pre and post measures together with evaluations from the participants, and is now in use.Ewers et al (2002) evaluated the effect of Psychosocial Intervention Training (PSI), using a controlled experiment, in reducing burnout rates in mental health nurses working in secure units, having identified that this group is particularly at risk of developing clinical burnout syndrome. The hypothesis was that if nurses gained a better understanding of clients illnesses and develop more skills to be able to help clients, then they would experience lower levels of burnout within their clinical roles. A self- selecting sample of 20 volunteered to do the PSI course, but these met pre- set inclusion criteria and represented all grades of staff and all wards. 10 subjects were allocated to the experimental PSI group and 10 to the time lag list control group. Baseline measures of kn owledge were taken, using a 30- item multiple choice questionnaire which had been used in previous studies of attitudes, using a measure developed by one of the researchers and of burnout, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. It was not clarified whether the attitude measure had been tested for reliability and validity, whereas the other two measures are tried and tested. The experimental group received 20 days of PSI training. On completion of the course all subjects were asked to complete the measure of knowledge, attitudes and burnout. The facilitator had previously received advanced training in PSIs. The course includes both practical and theoretical assessment components and a minimum attendance of 80% was required. The data was analysed using Fisher Exact tests and t tests. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the knowledge scores for each group, with an increase in the knowledge of the experimental group. The same applied to the cadence of attitudes, which it is assumed (although not made clear by the authors) refers to an increase in positive attitudes for the experimental group. Again, the same applied to the burnout measure this time the results are verbalized more clearly in that the experimental group had moved in a positive direction along the subscales measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The limitations of this study are that the results might not be generalisable to other units as only one unit was involved in the study wherein specific factors might exist that contribute to the development of burnout. As with the previous study, the self- selecting nature of the participants might indicate that they were more highly motivated and more responsive to change. However, while acknowledging the methodological weaknesses, the researchers conclude that the importantly positive changes in knowledge, attitudes and burnout measures of participants within the experimental group are indicative of the value of educational in terventions in reducing the incidence of burnout among mental health nurses working within secure units.Ho (2007) describes a study which explored the value and meaning of a psychodynamic work discussion for mental health nurses, which is described as a method of working, learning and development in professional practice. A work discussion group can enable psychological and emotional containment for mental health nurses which can impact upon the prevention of burnout. While the work discussion group is a means of learning in itself, education about the psychodynamic processes involved is also necessary in order to unlock the potential of the group. A qualitative design was used in order to be able to explore the feelings, experiences and perceptions of the participants, which seems highly appropriate within a study of this kind. Data was collected from a focus group of 6 mental health nurses ranging from staff nurse to ward manager level. This is quite a small sample, however this i s often more acceptable within qualitative research as depth rather than pretension of information is being sought. It is generally considered that the ideal composition of a focus group is between 6-12 people, however when the nature of the subject could be emotionally supercharged or sensitive, it is preferable to limit the size of the group to 5 or 6 (Polit and Beck 2004). The data was analysed using Bulmers framework, a technique derived from grounded theory in order to define meaning through focus groups. This article is quite complex but comprehension has been facilitated by the presentation, in tables and boxes, of the categories and themes within which the discussion was structured. The purpose of the focus group (which was not immediately made clear) was not to act as a work discussion group but to explore the potential for its value with mental health nurses, and the group appeared to be generally responsive to the concept. The author concludes that mental health nurses could benefit from this approach, but would need encouragement and education and that the use of the work discussion group could be integrated into nurse education. The researcher acknowledges that the potential use of this approach needs to be explored further, with larger samples from a wider area.Lee (2005) evaluated the effectiveness of a stress management training intervention for care assistants working in a residential home for the elderly many of whom had dementia, having cited research which links caring for people with dementia with work- related stress. The study took place within one residential home. The training consisted of a three- day programme that aimed to create and maintain an effective work environment by managing stress and stressful situations. The researcher provides an outline of the course content but does not state how many participants there were or how she measured the effectiveness of the programme, despite including sections headed methods and finding s. She reports that the stress management training reduced the care assistants levels of stress and improved their ability to cope with potentially stressful situations. She also concluded that the age or experience of the care assistants did not have an impact on their stress levels or coping ability, which did not concur with the findings of a different study. This is a poorly written research article the lack of detail reduces its value. However given the paucity of research related to educational interventions for mental health workers, it still adds to the existing body of knowledge. An interesting development is that the researcher subsequently contacted 21 residential homes and found that only 3 provided training interventions related to stress management.ConclusionsAn extensive review of the literature has revealed that there are gaps in the literature relating to educational interventions to reduce the incidence of burnout in mental health nurses this finding is supported i n a review by Edwards and Burnard (2003), who concluded that while there is evidence that stress is a task for mental health nurses, research on interventions to address this, is insufficient. Many articles on this subject are literature reviews, drawing on broad- based research in related areas, with a definite lack of empirical studies, and these reviews have not been included here. It has been necessary to include studies which predict that educational interventions will reduce the incidence of burnout in mental health nurses as well as those which evaluate existing interventions (which are very few). There are implications for further research into this important area. However there are some interesting and valuable conclusions that can be drawn from the existing literature.A synthesis of this review of the literature yields the following outcomesThere is a link between emotional labour and burnout, and adopting strategies (including educational) to enable mental health nurses to recognise and deal with emotional labour (including self- awareness and reflective skills) should impact upon the prevention of burnout.Educational interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of burnout should take place both within pre registration programmes and as part of continuing professional development (CPD).Educational interventions are an important part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the incidence of burnout among mental health nurses.As well as focussing on stress management, educational interventions can also be used to enhance knowledge and skills (relating to for example, risk management and helping skills) which in turn, positively impact upon stress levels and coping skills.A range of educational approaches should be explored in relation to stress management, allowing for innovation and flexibility, to facilitate access for mental health nurses, who may feel inhibited by such factors as shift patterns, workload or lack of resourcesReferencesAshkanasy N, Z erbe W and Hartel E. Emotions in the Work Place Research, Theory, and Practice. Quorum/ Greenwood. 2000. p. 16Barling J. Drowning not waving burnout and mental health nursing. Contemporary Nurse. 11(2-3) 2001 pp. 247-59.Brotheridge C and Grandey Emotional Labour and Burnout comparing two perspectives of people work. Journal of Vocational Behaviour. 60 pp. 17-39.Burnard P Practical counselling and helping. Routledge. 1999. p. 115Coffey M . Stress and burnout in forensic community mental health nurses an investigation of its causes and effects. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 6(6) 1999. p. 433Cummings S and Galambos C. Diversity and Aging in the Social Environment. Haworth press. 2004. p. 157.Duquette A, Kerouac S, Sandhu BK, Beaudet L. Factors related to nursing burnout a review of empirical knowledge. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 15(4) 1994 pp.337-58.Ewers P, Bradshaw T, McGovern J and Ewers B. Does training in psychosocial interventions reduce burnout rates in forensic nurses? Journal of Advanced Nursing 2002 37(5) pp. 470-476.Malach-Pines A. The Burnout Measure, Short Version. International Journal of Stress Management. Volume 12(1) 2005. pp. 78-88Mann S and Cowburn J. Emotional labour and stress within mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. 12(2) 2000 pp.154-162,Nolan P, Dallender J, Soares J, Thomsen S and Arnetz B. Violence in mental health care the experiences of mental health nurses and psychiatrists. Journal of Advanced Nursing 30(4) 1999. p. 934Nolan P and Smojkis M. The mental health of Nurses in the UK. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 9. 2003. pp. 374-379.Prosser D, Johnson S, Kuipers E, Dunn G, Szmukler G, Reid Y, Bebbington P and Thornicroft G Mental health, burnout and job satisfaction in a longitudinal study of mental health staff. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 34 (6). 1999. pp. 295-300.Sharkey S and Sharples A. The impact on work-related stress of mental health teams follo wing team-based learning on clinical risk management. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. 2003 10(1) pp. 73-81Sim J and Wright C. Research in Health Care Concepts, Designs and Methods. Nelson Thornes 2000. p. 359.Smeeth L. Improving the response rates to questionnaires. BMJ 324 2002 pp. 1168-1169Taormina R and Law C. Approaches to preventing burnout the effects of personal stress management and organizational socialization. Journal of Nursing Management 8(2) 2000, pp. 89-99Telford R and Faulkner A. Learning about service user involvement in mental health research. Journal of Mental Health. 13(6) pp. 549- 559.Thompson T. Handbook of health communication. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2003. p. 356.Thomsen S, Soares, J, Nolan P, Dallender J and Arnetz B. Feelings of Professional Fulfilment and Exhaustion in Mental Health Personnel The Importance of Organisational and Individual Factors. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 68 1999 pp.157-164Turner L, Callaghan P, Eales S and put ting surface A. Evaluating the introduction of a pilot clien

Tensile Properties of Polypropylene

Tensile Properties of PolypropyleneIntroductionIf an engineer wanted to design a bridge to span a river, it would be absurd to consider building it out of papier-mch or rubber. We know this because we know something about the demands that will be put on the bridge and we know that these textiles do non satisfy the requirements. After considering early(a) materials, perhaps titanium or high tech alu bitium alloys, we may discount them on the grounds of damage even if they do have suitable mechanical properties to make a good bridge. Eventually we may decide on steel but which unmatched? There are thousands to choose from. Which has the best properties at an affordable price? The cost effectiveness of any material is a matter not to be dealt with here but we mustiness ask which steel has the most appropriate physical properties. In order to answer this question, we must conduct screen outs on opposite steels and compare the results when samples of the steel are streamleted to destruction.Polypropylene has the ability to crystallise which was a very exciting prospect as it is also an economical material so the popularity of it grew and production began all across most of Europe its use. Lots of distinct types of polypropylene have been under production since the early 1950s principally because of its insulating properties. it is apply in many different fields, bumpers and some of the interior in a car is developed using polypropylene its also widely used in electrical components because of its great electrical resistance at high temperatures. It has similar properties to polyethylene.Because of its use in many different fields its necessary to test the material in a variety of ways. In this test the elastic properties will be examined at different testing runs. This test is done becauseThe test process involves placing the test prototype in the testing machine and slowly extending it until it conk outs. During this process, the elongation of the g auge section is recorded against the applied force. The data is manipulated so that it is not specific to the geometry of the test sample.Theory Polypropylene, like other plastics, typically starts with the distillation of hydrocarbon fuels into lighter groups called fractions some of which are combined with other catalysts to produce plastics (typically via polymerisation or poly-condensation)For example, the polymerisation of propylene, which is identical to ethylene except that one hydrogen substituent has been replaced by a methyl (CH3) group, tax returns polypropylene. This material has a higher(prenominal) melting point (160-170 oC), higher fictile strength, and greater rigidity than polyethylene.Figure 1-Propylene monomers polymerisation to polypropyleneDepending on how they are linked or joined (chemical bonds or intermolecular forces) and on the arrangement of the different chains that forms the polymer, the resulting polymeric materials stinkpot be classified asThermopl asticsElastomersThermosetsDepending on the chemical composition, polymers can be inorganic such as glass, or they can be organic, such as adhesives of epoxy resin. Organic polymers can be also divided into natural polymers such as proteins and synthetic substance polymers as thermosets materials.Description of apparatusThe apparatus used the most for the testing part of the experiment was the zwick tensile testing machine this is a highly unblemished piece of equipment as it has high resolution angle measurement which allows excellent repeat accuracy.This type of machine has two crossheads one is adjusted for the length of the specimen and the other is driven to apply tension to the test specimenhe machine must be able to generate enough force to destroy the specimen. The machine must be able to apply the force quickly or slowly enough to properly mimic the actual application. Finally, the machine must be able to accurately and precisely measure the gauge length and forces applie dFigure 2-Tensile testing machine (diagrammatic sketch form)Test function The test will be carried out using the Zwick tensile testing machine, with 3 different specimens each of them will be all-embracing at different vivifys sample 1 Extension speed= 100 mm/minSpecimen 2 Extension speed= 50 mm/minSpecimen 3 Extension speed= 12.5 mm/minBefore testing the specimens, they must be measured before and after the test to see what affect the test had on the specimensAfter the measurement, have been taken its required to make a table to compare the clog to the multiplication this graph will be required to estimate relevant values that will be needed to complete the calculations.For all the specimens you are required to obtain a verity of tensile properties includingNominal yield markYoungs modulusFracture stress (nominal and true)Tensile ductilityResultsSpecimen (mm)Average (mm)Av.CSA = tw (1T2.132.182.202.1710.20W4.684.734.704.702T2.132.152.162.1410.10W4.684.724.714.703T2.142.152.1 62.1510.11W4.704.724.694.70Specimen 1 calculated results when extended at speed of 100 mm/min Gauge Length (mm)33.00 sign cross-sectional domain of a function ()10.21Fracture length (mm)(55-33) 22.00Thickness at relegate (mm)0.91Width at fracture (mm)2.50Cross-sectional field of honor at Fracture ()2.28 make full at yield (N)270.00Load at fracture (N)170.00Nominal yield stress ()26.45Extension at high yield (mm)1.54Young modulus ()566.79Nominal fracture stress ()16.65True fracture stress ()74.56Tensile Ductility (mm)0.66Specimen 2 calculated results when extended at speed of 50 mm/min Gauge Length (mm)33.00Initial cross-sectional flying field ()10.10Fracture length (mm)(123-33) 90.00Thickness at fracture (mm)0.93Width at fracture (mm)2.61Cross-sectional area at Fracture ()2.43Load at yield (N)262.50Load at fracture (N)172.50Nominal yield stress ()25.99Extension at high yield (mm)1.54Young modulus ()556.93Nominal fracture stress ()17.08True fracture stress ()70.98Tensile Ductilit y2.72Specimen 3 calculated results when extended at speed of 12.5 mm/min Gauge Length (mm)33.00Initial cross-sectional area ()10.11Fracture length (mm)(242-33) 209.00Thickness at fracture (mm)0.88Width at fracture (mm)2.01Cross-sectional area at Fracture ()1.77Load at yield (N)273.75Load at fracture (N)267.50Nominal yield stress ()27.08Extension at high yield (mm)110.26Young modulus ()8.08Nominal fracture stress ()26.46True fracture stress ()151.13Tensile Ductility6.33Calculations of average cross sectional area specimen 1 Average cross sectional area = Average thickness x Average widthAverage cross sectional area = 2.17 mm x 4.70 mm = 10.20 Calculations of specimen 1 Nominal yield = Nominal yield = = 26.45 Youngs modulus= Youngs modulus= = 566.79 Nominal fracture stress = Nominal fracture stress = = 16.65 True fracture stress = True fracture stress = = 74.56 Tensile ductility = Tensile ductility = = 0.66 mmGraphs Figure 3-Graph of load vs flank for specimen 1- Figure 4-Graph of load vs extension for specimen2- Figure 5- Graph of load vs extension for specimen 3- DiscussionUnsurprisingly when you inspect between the three graphs you can see a slight pattern occur which is that the faster you extend the Polypropylene the quicker it breaks. The graph readings are used to find how overmuch it was extended when broken so that the tensile ductility can be worked out. There have been errors in the graphs because in the laboratory the measured extension of the break was 22mm whereas the zwick tensile testing machine made a graph that showed it to be a lot less around 8mm which is surprising to have such a wide-ranging result. Retrieving most of the results from the graph required a lot of estimation because specimens one and two had scales of 20 and specimen 3 had a scale of 50 these two arent precise enough to get an accurate reading of the graph so a lot of estimation was required.As it can be seen in the results the extension at high yield point was very different for specimen 3 compared to the other specimens, this at first glance could be considered as an unusual person even though this was expected because the less stress that is put on the specimen meant that the extension of the yield would be higher but such a big gap wasnt expected. However, looking at the results of the other groups in the lab it shows that the result is acceptable. The other result that differed in specimen 3 when compared to the other specimens was the load at fracture this is because specimen 3 extended for a much longer distance then the other two so there was much more load at fracture which meant that the fracture stress was much greater too as shown in the results.Also, glass transition temperature had to be controlled so that the polypropylene wasnt too brittle, as temperature is hard to get accurate most of the readings might have differed because of it.Conclusion It can be seen in this test how speed effects the tensile properties of polypropylene , as the results and graphs show that when tension is applied quicker as its done in the first specimen it can take a lot less stress to break the polypropylene compared to the 3rd specimen which took a lot more tension because it expanded much more than the other 2 specimens as seen in figure 6.The results of the test are reliable but improvements could have been made the graph could have a much littler scale which would have made the readings off the graph much easier to obtain. Also, there were assumptions that were made while doing this for example when working out the youngs modulus we had to assume that the line between the origin and the high yield point is linear.Figure- 6Photos of the 3 specimens before and after the test.References Informationhttps//www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/all-about-polypropylene-pp-plastichttp//www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/pp.aspxhttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testingImageshttp//www.chemistry.wustl.edu/edudev/Designer/session4.html

The Role Of Women In Religion Religion Essay

The Role Of Women In Religion Religion EssayReligion has been plain and ever developing since the beginning of part. Both muliebrity and man guard contri moreovered to that exploitation and believed in a higher power to explain their own existence. Now, with the polar variations on religion and separation in belief, women and men have embracen on different roles that are distinct to their particular faith. Often, among solely religions, mans role has been original to that of women. All of the worlds major religions depreciate women to some degree so what role do women play in religion? And what impact have they had? In examining iii of the worlds major religions Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism, this paper will compare and contrast the role of women as well up as discuss any influence women have had in the development of each faith.How Women Are Viewed?The view of women on the Hindu religion has changed over the course of history several times. The view of women was som etimes, but not always positive. In the earlier Upanishad Age they seemed to have been given more respect than in later times. According to the Hindu religion, a cleaning lady is the form of energy or an aspect of Shakti. In many Hindu account book she is two upheld and respected. High opinion is especially given to women who are m other(a)s and disrespect of her is considered unforgiveable. One Hindu scripture states, All other sins are expiable but he who is cursed the mother never liberated. Another Hindu scripture ranks the value of a woman over that of a man stating, An outcast father may be forsaken, but not the mother, she is never an outcast to the son.Many other religions do not hold the respect of woman over that of men. The Buddhist religion for example, states very little about women. This is not because the Buddhism refuses to recognize women but rather that they strive to have equality among women and men. Thus the scripture speaks of the human race as a whole and ma kes little distinction between genders. In one scripture, the Visuddhi Magga, a monk asked, Reverend Sir, have you seen awoman pass this way? And the elder said Was it a woman or a man that passed thisway? I cannot tell. But this I know, a set of bones is travelling upon this road. (Mohr, Tsedroen, 2010)In comparison to the Buddhist religion, Christianity similarly strives for an equal and positive view of women. In the oldish Testament the creation of man is explained and represents both women and men as equally valuable. It states, Then God said, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him male and female he created them, (Genesis 126-27.) In society, Christian women have rules and laws to abide by. Christian women are instructed by God to con duct themselves modestly, as a witness of God to unbelievers. Your beauty should not come from outward adornment, such as tissue hair and the wearing of gold jewelry and fine clothes. Instead, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of the gentle and quiet spirit which is of great worth in God sight. (1 Peter 33-4). Christians do not try to earn merit in order that there good deeds may outdo their bad.Roles of WomenWomen played many different roles in the history of the Hindu religion. During childhood she is under her parents care but when she marries she becomes the sole responsibility and property of her husband. As his wife, she takes on four different roles. Her roles include servant to her husband in commerce, minister in decision making, as a mother to his children and lover in his bed. Women in the Hindu religion are expected to act and speak with respect for their husband as well as other men. (Sharma, Libraries, 2001)In the days of the Buddha, other r eligious teachers had similarly spoken on the duties and obligations of a wife towards her husband. They stressed that it is the particular duty of a wife to bear an off-spring for the husband, and render him faithful inspection and repair and to provide conjugal happiness. The teachings of the Buddha were not as biased towards the husbands. In the Singalovada Sutta, the Buddha had clearly stated both the duties of the husband towards the wife and vice versa. On the part of the husband, he should be faithful, courteous and not despising. It is the husbands duty to hand over authority to his wife and from time to time, provide her with adornments. Therefore, we witness the unbiased attitude shown by the Buddha towards both men and women. (Yifa, Yifa, 2010)In the Christian faith there is a contrasting perspective. Women, though viewed as equal to men in value in the look of God are given unequal roles. In Genesis 2, there is a more detailed account of the creation of Adam and Eve and discloses the differences in their purpose and responsibilities as given by God himself. The general idea is that God did not create the man and the woman at the same time, but rather He created Adam first and Eve later for the specific purpose of being Adams helper. Eve was equal to Adam, but she was given the role and duty of submitting to him. The womans one and only role in the Christian religion is to be submissive to her husband and be a good helpmate to him. (House, 1995) A woman has no role in the church that is ruled and dictated only by men. The Christian woman is instructed by scripture to remain silent in matters of the church. 1 Corinthians of the Bible states, Let your women keep silent in the churches, for they are not permitted to speak but they are to be submissive, as the law as well as says.Women in Religious and Leadership RolesThe leaders and religious roles of women in all three religions have changed over the course of history. Women in early Hinduism wer e very well respected. They took part in the royal court, and they were not afraid to push an issue until they were fully satisfied with the answer. These teachers were wise and well valued by other philosophers, of both the male and female genders. These women also contributed to how the various sacred teachings of Hinduism were brought down through the generations. Over the years, the situation surrounding Hindu women is gradually changing. They are gaining respect in both politics and religion and share an equal view with men. In some cases they enjoy more opportunities than women in many western countries. (Sharma, Libraries, 2001)Advances are also being made for women in the Buddhist religion. The Buddha opened the gates for the full participation of women in the field of religion by making them eligible for rise to power into the Bhikkhuni Sangha the Order of Nuns. This opened new paths of culture, social services and opportunities for public life to women It led implicit ly to the credit of their importance to society, and in doing so enhanced the status of women .It was said that under circumstances women are considered wiser and discerning than men, and that they are also capable of attaining perfection or sainthood treading the Noble Eight fold Path. (Yifa, Yifa, 2010) When King Kosala engraft that he had a daughter Instead of a son, the Buddha headlanded out not only their weaknesses but also their potential. The Buddha clearly showed that women are capable of understanding his teachings and also to practice them to some degree of spiritual attainment. (Mohr, Tsedroen, 2010) The modern era of Buddhism is much different than in the days of the Buddha. Womens liberation, their quest for freedom and equality achieved tremendous strides for the most part in the West. This came about as the result of modern trends and thinking, and modern education for women in all areas of higher learning.Like women in Hinduism and Buddhism, women in Christiani ty have gained disclose status and new roles in religion. In fact, women in Christianity may have made the most progress over history. In the early development of Christianity, women were told to take on the submissive role and only he a helper to their husbands. The womans role in the church was nonexistent and has now risen to a point where she can obtain roles as a minister and/or dean in the church. The Christian woman also has a voice that is respected and valued in making decisions.In conclusion women of all three religions were historically not given the value and respect that men were, but have all gained new status and roles in their religion. Women throughout history have played different roles in different religion, but most of the time women were submissive to men. Women would never dream of becoming a minister or involved in the leadership of the religion regardless which religion it was. Today, women play more roles in leadership than ever before.

Richard III - Did Richard Kill the Children? :: Richard II Richard III Essays

Did Richard III Kill the Children? We really cannot know for certain. If there was a c everyplace-up to protect the actual murderers, it was done exceedingly well and so thoroughly that we will never be able to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt what really happened. In spite of what I see as very persuasive evidence that Richard did not kill the children, there are many very intelligent, highly successful, and unquestionably reputable historical scholars out there who believe that they have evidence that the king did commit the murders and that this evidence is equally as compelling as anything I believe. But since you ask, permit me give you my reasons. First, Richard did not have a strong enough need to kill the boys or enough of a reason. He seems to have successfully had them declare bastards legally--based on evidence of bigamy against his elder brother (their late father) Edward IV-- before he (Richard) ascended the throne. This action removed the boys from the line of succession to the throne of England. Killing them might thereby rid Richard of two people who later might try to prove their take in right to inherit, but killing them also might alienate him from his own supporters as a murderer of his own family. This logic, however, does not save Richard from the charge of having had someone else--most commonly thought to be Buckingham--assassinate them secretly. I still do not feel this is likely, for reasons I will explain as I go. But Richards successor, the usurper Henry Tudor, had all sorts of good reasons to kill off any Plantagenet heirs to the throne, the chief(prenominal) one being that Henry was out to establish his own family--the Tudors--as the reigning dynasty. Henry celebrated his success in taking over the throne by hiring his own historian to write an account of how this all came about, and we are still relying on this account, even though we know that it is pro-Tudor propaganda. Second, Richards family is known to have bee n extremely nigh(a) in their affections for each other. Richards older brother, Edward IV, seems to have trusted Richard a great deal when the younger sibling was a mere teenager, Edward had him commanding armies in the battles over the succession (a.k.a. The Wars of the Roses). When Edward made his will, he left Richard as Regent to protect the two sons--Edward, Prince of Wales and Richard of York--of the dying king and his wife Elizabeth.

Ram Jam - Black Betty :: essays research papers

downcast Betty Ram JamA man by the name of Charles Simic iodine time said, Poetry is an orphan of silence. The words never quite equal the experience behind them(Quote Land). Poems have been written for thousands of years. When most people reckon of poetry, they either think of a sonnet, limerick, all the way down to a haiku. They also think that a poem is something that must be recited, but in reality a poem can also be sang as a mental strain. Lately more and more songs that are creation released have a novel behind them, trying to express feelings of loneliness, death, or past experiences. One of the best examples would be rap. Rappers love to tell about their life in the city when the measure were rough because they were poor and all the violence going on. But rap isnt the only type of music that can be interpreted as a poem.William Huddie Ledbetter was born on January 29th, 1885 in Louisiana (Ledbelly). Huddie was the worlds greatest cotton picker, railroad track liner , lover, and drinker, but he was better cognize for his astounding guitar playing. He was a black man who traveled the south singing and recording folk songs. William Huddie Ledbetter was known as Ledbelly, and his one song Black Betty was widely known. On December 6th, 1949 Huddie died due to lateral sclerosis.Ram Jam was an east coast band formed in the mid 70s. Its members consisted of Bill Bartlett, Howie Blauvelt, Peter Charles, Myke Scavone, and Jimmy Santoro. Ram Jam is known for being a one hit wonder by using William Huddie Ledbetters song Black Betty It reached number 18 on the charts in 1977, and in the UK it reached number 7 & its remix made number 13 (Ram Jam). Black Betty can be considered a poem because of its rhyme scheme and many other poetic devices.When explicating Black Betty at first, its real meaning is hard to find. It takes more than one try to figure out what William Huddie Ledbetter was trying to dictate in his song. The song is about a black woman who liv es in Alabama by herself. She was teenaged and made a couple wrong decisions like drinking, drugs, and having a one-night stand with somebody. This caused her to conceive a child that she wasnt ready for. She wasnt ready for the responsibilities of being a mother.